Course Outlines:

1. Introduction :

• Need for protective systems
• Nature and causes of faults
• Types of faults
• Effects of faults
• Fault statistics
• Evolution of protective relays
• Zones of protection
• Primary and back up protection
• Essential qualities of protection
• Classification of protective relays
• Classification of protective schemes
• Automatic reclosing
• Current transformers for protection
• Potential transformer
• Summation transformer
• Phase –sequence current segregating network
• Basic relay terminology

2. Operating Principles And Relay Construction :
   • Electromagnetic relays
   • Thermal relays static relays
   • Microprocessor based protective relays
3. Over Current Protection :
   • Time current characteristics
   • Current setting time setting
   • Overcurrent protective schemes
   • Reverse power or directional relay
   • Protection of parallel feeders
   • Protection of ring mains
   • Earth fault and phase fault protection
   • Combined earth fault and phase fault protective scheme
   • Phase fault protective scheme
   • Directional earth fault relay
   • Static overcurrent relays
   • Microprocessor based overcurrent relays
4. Distance Protection
   • Impedance relay
   • Reactance relay
   • MHO (admittance or angle Admittance) relay
   • Angle impedance (ohm) relay
   • Input quantities for various types of distance relays
   • Sampling comparator
   • Effect of Arc resistance on the performance of distance
   • Effect of power surges (power Swings) on the performance of distance relays
   • Effect of line length and source impedance on distance relay
   • Selection of distance relays
   • MHO relay with blinders
   • Quadrilaterial relay
   • Elliptical relay
   • Restricted MHO relay
   • Restricted impedance relay
   • Restricted directional relay
   • Restricted reactance relay
   • Some other distance relay charctaristise
   • Swivielling charactarisits
   • Choice of characterists for different zones of protection
   • Compensation for correct distance measurement
   • Reduction of measuring units
   • Switched schemes
   • Auto reclosing
5. AC Machines And Bus-Zone Protection :
   • Protection of generators transformer protection
   • Bus zone protection
   • Frame leakage protection
6. Protective Relays :
   • Overcurrent relays
   • Impedance relays
   • Directional relay
   • Reactance relay
   • Generalized mathematical expression for distance relay
   • Measurement of R&X
   • Quadranaterial relay
   • Generalized interface for distance relays
   • Digital relaying algorithms
   • Differential equation techniques
   • Discrete Fourier transform technique
   • Walsh hadmard transform technique
   • Rashonalised haar transform technique
   • Removal of the DC offset
   • Microprocessor implementation of digital distance relaying algorithms
7. Circuit Breakers :
   • ARC voltage
   • ARC interruption
   • Restriking voltage and recovery voltage
   • Resistance switching
   • Current chopping
   • Interruption of capacitive current
   • Classification of circuit breakers
   • Oil circuit breakers
   • Air blast circuit breaker
   • Air break circuit breaker
   • Sf ₆ circuit breakers
   • Vacuum circuit brakers
   • Operating mechanism
   • Selection of circuit breakers
   • Testing of circuit breakers
8. Fuses:
   • Definitions
   • Fuse characteristics
   • Types of fuses
   • Applications of ARC fuses
   • Selection of fuses
   • Discrimination
9. Protection Against Overvoltage :
   • Causes of overvoltages
   • Lightning phenomena
   • Wave shape of voltage due to lightning
   • Overvoltage due to lightning
   • Klydonograph and magnetic link
   • Protection of transmission lines against direct lightning strokes
   • protection of stations and sub stations from direct strokes protection against traveling waves
   • Peterson coil
   • Insulation coordination
   • Basic impulse insulation level(B.I.L.)